[241] The largest castle in the world by land area is situated in Malbork, in north-central Poland.[242]. In 1611, the Tsar of Russia paid homage to the King of Poland. In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus, an astronomer from Toruń, published his epochal work De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) and thereby became the first proponent of a predictive mathematical model confirming the heliocentric theory, which became the accepted basic model for the practice of modern astronomy. However, the pagan unrest led to the transfer of the capital to Kraków in 1038 by Casimir I the Restorer. [166] Instituted as a Government Act, it was designed to redress long-standing political defects of the federative Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and its Golden Liberty. [41] The establishment of the Commonwealth coincided with a period of stability and prosperity in Poland, with the union thereafter becoming a European power and a major cultural entity, occupying approximately one million square kilometers of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as an agent for the dissemination of Western culture through Polonization into areas of modern-day Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine, Belarus and western Russia. Polish cuisine shares many similarities with other Central European cuisines, especially German and Austrian[393] as well as Jewish,[394] French, Italian and Turkish culinary traditions. [198] The country's national security goal is to further integrate with NATO and European defence, economic, and political institutions. The largest Polish Baltic island is Wolin, located within Wolin National Park. [145] Its overall percentage is still increasing. [182] The capital of Warsaw serves as the headquarters for Frontex,[183] the European Union's agency for external border security as well as ODIHR, one of the principal institutions of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.[184]. Despite widespread objections, the new Polish government accepted the Soviet annexation of the pre-war eastern regions of Poland[112] (in particular the cities of Wilno and Lwów) and agreed to the permanent garrisoning of Red Army units on Poland's territory. [445], This article is about the country. After the defeat, the semi-independent Congress Poland lost its constitution, army and legislative assembly, and was integrated more closely with the Russian Empire. [363], Traditional folk architecture in the villages and small towns scattered across the vast Polish countryside was characterized by its extensive use of wood and red brick as primary building materials, common for Central Europe. Despite this, Poland was at the time considered to be one of the least oppressive states of the Eastern Bloc.[113]. Poland is renowned for its brick Gothic castles, granaries and churches as well as diversely-styled tenements, market squares and town halls. Polen (del latín pollen, «polvillo muy fino») es el nombre colectivo de los granos, más o menos microscópicos, que producen las plantas con semilla (espermatófitas), cada uno de los cuales contiene un microgametófito (gametófito masculino).. El saco polínico es la parte de la antera que contiene los granos de polen, en los órganos masculinos de la flor, los estambres. [216] Around 60% of the employed population belongs to the tertiary service sector, 30% to industry and manufacturing, and the remaining 10% to the agricultural sector. As of December 31, 2019", "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019", "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey", "Poland promoted to developed market status by FTSE Russell", "Poland Is Europe's Growth Champion. [330] In the 19th and 20th centuries the Polish focus on cultural advancement often took precedence over political and economic activity. This continual erosion and deposition has formed cliffs, dunes, and spits, many of which have migrated landwards to close off former lagoons, such as Łebsko Lake in the Słowiński National Park. [69], In 1926, a May coup, led by the hero of the Polish independence campaign Marshal Józef Piłsudski, turned rule of the Second Polish Republic over to the nonpartisan Sanacja (Healing) movement in an effort to prevent radical political organizations on both the left and the right from destabilizing the country. It is largely thanks to him that such pieces gained great popularity throughout Europe during the 19th century. [52], The European Renaissance evoked in late Jagiellon Poland (under kings Sigismund I the Old and Sigismund II Augustus) a sense of urgency in the need to promote a cultural awakening, and during this period Polish culture and the nation's economy flourished. Mee 2004 der Europäescher Unioun bäigetrueden. In the first half of the 20th century, Poland was a flourishing centre of mathematics. [48][49] In the south, Poland confronted the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Tatars (by whom they were attacked on 75 separate occasions between 1474 and 1569),[50] and in the east helped Lithuania fight the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The side dishes are usually potatoes, rice or cereal. Rzeczpospolita, founded in 1920 is one of the oldest newspapers still in operation in the country. [203] Private security firms are also common, although they possess no legal authority to arrest or detain a suspect. In 1925 she established Poland's Radium Institute.[250]. Poland's ancient capital, Kraków, ranks among the best-preserved Gothic and Renaissance urban complexes in Europe. Polish regulations allow trains without ETCS to travel at speeds up to 160 km/h, trains with ETCS1 up to 200 km/h, and trains with ETCS2 at over 200 km/h. [298] Anabaptists fleeing 16th-century persecution in the Netherlands and Germany settled in Poland and became known as the Vistula delta Mennonites. Polskie straty to 76–106 tys. Als Überfall auf Polen (auch Polenfeldzug genannt) wird der völkerrechtswidrige Angriffskrieg des nationalsozialistischen Deutschen Reichs gegen die Zweite Polnische Republik bezeichnet, mit dem Adolf Hitler den Zweiten Weltkrieg in Europa entfesselte. Daneben sind aber auch Sporen von einigen Farnpflanzen (Pteridophyta), wenigen Moosen (Bryophyta) und Pilzen (Mycophyta) zu finden. [260] Furthermore, Poland's population is aging significantly and the median age in 2018 was 41.1 years. [101][102] Around 150,000 Polish civilians were killed by Soviets between 1939 and 1941 during the Soviet Union's occupation of eastern Poland (Kresy), and another estimated 100,000 Poles were murdered by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) between 1943 and 1944 in what became known as the Wołyń Massacres. In January 2020, Poland has approved the delivery for F-35 Lightning II combat aircraft. bezrobocia w Polsce", "Brain drain claimed 1.7 million youths. In the wake of the 1989 events, notably through the emergence and contributions of the Solidarity movement, the communist government was dissolved and Poland re-established itself as a semi-presidential democratic republic. [146] Three more national parks are projected for Masuria, the Polish Jura, and the eastern Beskids. The last aurochs of Europe became extinct in 1627 in the Polish Jaktorów Forest, while the wisent survived until the 20th century only at Białowieża. Outstanding Polish mathematicians formed the Lwów School of Mathematics (with Stefan Banach, Stanisław Mazur, Hugo Steinhaus, Stanisław Ulam) and Warsaw School of Mathematics (with Alfred Tarski, Kazimierz Kuratowski, Wacław Sierpiński and Antoni Zygmund). Bilingual signs, names and advertisements are commonplace in those localities. [233][234][235], Poland experienced a significant increase in the number of tourists after joining the European Union in 2004. [198][201] The Polish Armed Forces took part in the 2003 invasion of Iraq, deploying 2,500 soldiers in the south of that country and commanding the 17-nation multinational force in Iraq. [133] The highest point of the Sudeten massif is Mount Śnieżka (1,603.3 metres (5,260 ft)), shared with the Czech Republic. In May 1792, Russian forces crossed the Commonwealth's frontier, thus beginning the Polish-Russian War. Altogether, the number of ethnic Poles living abroad is estimated to be around 20 million. These factors have contributed to the versatile nature of Polish art. [425], In 2015, Ida by Paweł Pawlikowski won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. "Ranking Uczelni Akademickich – Ranking Szkół Wyższych PERSPEKTYWY 2019", "The impact of the 1999 education reform in Poland", https://www.oecd.org/pisa/publications/PISA2018_CN_POL.pdf, The Polish Way: A Thousand Year History of the Poles and Their Culture, "Biało-Czerwoni – definicja, synonimy, przykłady użycia", "Obwieszczenie Marszałka Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 19 grudnia 2014 r. w sprawie ogłoszenia jednolitego tekstu ustawy o dniach wolnych od pracy", "Opłatek i pierwsza gwiazdka czyli wigilijne tradycje", "Why Do Poles Leave One Chair Empty on Christmas Eve? For this reason, many exiled Polish activists, such as Ignacy Paderewski (who would later become prime minister) returned home to help; a significant number of them then went on to take key positions in the newly formed political and governmental structures. Renaissance garden Wawel, Kraków 5. Michael Kevin Pollan (/ ˈpɒlən /; born February 6, 1955) is an American author and journalist, who is currently the Knight Professor of Science and Environmental Journalism at the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism. Hiking, climbing, skiing and mountain biking and attract numerous tourists every year from all over the world. Baroque garden Branicki Park, Białystok 2. The country has a good network of highways, composed of express roads and motorways. Among other notable sites in the country is Wrocław, one of the oldest cities in Poland which was a model for the founding of Kraków. However, the insurrectionists, despite being joined by high-ranking Polish-Lithuanian officers and numerous politicians, were still severely outnumbered and lacking in foreign support. Collectivization in the Polish People's Republic failed. Throughout the late antiquity period it became extensively diverse, with various cultures and tribes settling on the vast Central European Plain. [361] Transport in Poland is provided by means of rail, road, marine shipping and air travel. Winters are rather cold, with average temperatures around 3 °C (37.4 °F) in the northwest and −6 °C (21 °F) in the northeast. The most common deciduous trees found across the country are oak, maple and beech; among common conifers are pine, spruce and fir. Nonetheless, a number of ancient structures have survived: castles, churches, and stately homes, often unique in the regional or European context. [297] The religious tolerance also spurred many theological movements such as the Calvinist Polish Brethren, a number of Protestant groups and atheists like Casimir Liszinski, one of the first atheist thinkers in Europe. The centres of Kazimierz Dolny and Sandomierz on the Vistula are good examples of well-preserved medieval towns. CONDITIONS OF ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES CONSUMPTION AMONG POLISH CONSUMERS, CEE Basic Data - Key economic indicators and forecasts, http://www.menafn.com/qn_news_story_s.asp?storyid=1093460160, IEA - Report Poland: electricity and heat for 2012, IEA - Report Poland: electricity and heat for 2014, Strona główna :: Generalna Dyrekcja Dróg Krajowych i Autostrad - Serwis informacyjny, PKP Intercity ondertekent Pendolino contract, https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polen&oldid=58317409, Wikipedia:Lokale afbeelding anders dan op Wikidata, Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen, Het Manneristisch architectonische en parklandschapcomplex en pelgrimspark. [307] There are six types of hospital facilities, each with a particular area of medical expertise – I Grade Hospitals for general surgery, internal illnesses and obstetrics; II Grade Hospitals for child surgery, neurology, cardiology and ophthalmology; III Grade Hospitals including teaching hospitals for infectious diseases, nephrology, orthopedics, toxicology and transplantology; Oncology Hospitals for cancer treatment and brachytherapy; Pediatric Hospitals for child care; and Nationwide Hospitals for general and acute care. Polen Capital is a high-conviction growth investment manager that provides active investment strategies to institutional clients around the world by scouring the globe in search of the highest quality, sustainable companies to invest in. ", "Polski kontyngent na Łotwie – Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej – Portal Gov.pl", "ZAKOŃCZENIE I UMORZENIE POSTĘPOWANIA UPADŁOŚCIOWEGO ORAZ ICH SKUTKI – Tytuł 9 – Prawo upadłościowe", https://www.defensenews.com/unmanned/2020/09/08/lockheed-offers-drones-to-complement-polands-future-f-35-jets/#:~:text=Deliveries%20of%20the%20F%2D35,expected%20to%20begin%20in%202024.&text=Poland%20will%20add%20the%20fighters,aircraft%20with%20fifth%2Dgeneration%20fighters, "Niemal 50 mld złotych na obronność w 2020 roku [RELACJA] – Defence24", https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2020-07/poland_2018.pdf, "Largest NATO military exercise in 25 years comes to a close", "Polska zakończyła udział w misjach po auspicjami ONZ – Wiadomości z kraju i ze świata – Gazeta Prawna – Partner pracodawcy, narzędzie specjalisty", "1650 polskich żołnierzy spędzi święta za granicą", "Klient kontra ochrona sklepu. [437], The golden era of football in Poland occurred throughout the 1970s and went on until the early 1980s when the Polish national football team achieved their best results in any FIFA World Cup competitions finishing 3rd place in the 1974 and the 1982 tournaments. ", "When Poland Was Nowhere: Foreigners Reflect on the Partitions & a Stateless Nation", Russian parliament condemns Stalin for Katyn massacre, The Coming of the War and Eastern Europe in World War II, "Poland World War II casualties (in thousands)", "Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution". [167], The judiciary incorporates a four-tier court system composed of the Supreme Court, the Supreme Administrative Court, Common Courts (District, Regional, Appellate) and the Military Court. In recent years, Poland also sought to become a mediator between the Trump administration and the European Union in solving European disputes. [253], Poland's tertiary education institutions; traditional universities, as well as technical, medical, and economic institutions, employ around tens of thousands of researchers and staff members. As a result, Poland's territory was reduced by 20%, or 77,500 square kilometres (29,900 sq mi). [374] One of the first printing houses was established by Kasper Straube in the 1470s, while Jan Haller was considered the pioneer of commercial print in Poland. 1947-1949: Dreijähriger Wiederaufbauplan: 1948-1954: Stalinisierung des gesellschaftlichen Lebens in Polen: 1950-1955: 6-Jahres Plan: 22. Labour turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union "Solidarity" ("Solidarność"), which over time became a political force. The shift forced the migration of millions of other people, most of whom were Poles, Germans, Ukrainians, and Jews.[109][110][111]. In 1939–41, the Soviets deported hundreds of thousands of Poles. [404] The most popular alcoholic drinks at present are beer and wine which took over from vodka more popular in the years 1980–1998. It reaffirmed its independence after a series of military conflicts, the most notable being the Polish–Soviet War (1919–21) when Poland inflicted a crushing defeat on the Red Army at the Battle of Warsaw, an event which is considered to have halted the advance of Communism into Europe and forced Vladimir Lenin to rethink his objective of achieving global socialism. The Polish Jura Chain has some of the oldest rock formations on the continent of Europe. With a population of nearly 38.5 million people, Poland is the fifth most populous member state of the European Union. [428], In Poland, there are also daily newspapers like Gazeta Wyborcza ("Electoral Gazette"), Rzeczpospolita ("The Republic") and Gazeta Polska Codziennie ("Polish Daily Newspaper") which provide traditional opinion and news, and tabloids such as Fakt and Super Express. Poland has a universal healthcare system based on an all-inclusive insurance system; state subsidised healthcare is available to all citizens covered by the general health insurance program of the National Health Fund (NFZ). The confusion often stems from the fact that as the war progressed, some resistance movements grew larger – and other diminished. Emergency medical services in Poland are provided for by local and regional governments. There are 123 areas designated as landscape parks, along with numerous nature reserves and other protected areas under the Natura 2000 network. The most visited city is Kraków, which was the former capital of Poland and serves as a relic of the Polish Golden Age and the Renaissance. However, the small amounts of fossil fuels naturally occurring in Poland are insufficient to satisfy the full energy consumption needs of the population and industry. [137], The Baltic Sea activity in Słowiński National Park created sand dunes which in the course of time separated the bay from the sea creating two lakes. Political Realities and Social Constrains. [279][280], According to the 2015 census, 92.9% of all Polish citizens adhere to the Roman Catholic Church. [198] Compulsory military service for men was discontinued in 2008. Polska żywność – fundament polskiego eksportu – 2012 kolejnym rokiem rekordowego eksportu żywności. [416][417] Established in 1999, the retail store Reserved is Poland's most successful clothing store chain, operating over 1,700 retail shops in 19 countries. Eventually, after several battles the uprising was suppressed by the Prussians, and the Grand Duchy of Posen was more completely incorporated into Prussia. De meeste historici plaatsen de oprichting van een Poolse staat in 966, toen Mieszko I, heerser over een territorium dat min of meer overeenkomt met het hedendaagse Polen, … [396], Polish dishes are usually rich in meat, especially pork, chicken and beef (depending on the region), winter vegetables (sauerkraut cabbage in bigos), and spices. It was established in 1928 from a merger of Aerolloyd (1922) and Aero (1925). Over the decades, Poland has produced outstanding directors, film producers, cartoonists and actors that achieved world fame, especially in Hollywood. [15], The history of human activity on Polish soil spans thousands of years. Tragedy struck in 1922 when Gabriel Narutowicz, inaugural holder of the presidency, was assassinated at the Zachęta Gallery in Warsaw by a painter and right-wing nationalist Eligiusz Niewiadomski. Over the course of the next seven months, Polish forces successfully defeated the Russian armies of Field Marshal Hans Karl von Diebitsch and a number of other Russian commanders; however, finding themselves in a position unsupported by any other foreign powers, save distant France and the newborn United States, and with Prussia and Austria refusing to allow the import of military supplies through their territories, the Poles accepted that the uprising was doomed to failure. Borówka R., et al. In addition, foreign investors have controlling stakes in nearly 40 commercial banks, which make up 68% of the banking capital. [67], During World War I, all the Allies agreed on the reconstitution of Poland that United States President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed in Point 13 of his Fourteen Points. [65][66], Despite the political unrest experienced during the partitions, Poland did benefit from large-scale industrialisation and modernisation programs, instituted by the occupying powers, which helped it develop into a more economically coherent and viable entity. During the Warsaw Uprising alone, over 150,000 Polish civilians were killed, most were murdered by the Germans during the Wola and Ochota massacres. Renewable forms of energy account for a smaller proportion of Poland's full energy generation capacity. [163], With the exception of ethnic minority parties, only candidates of political parties receiving at least 5% of the total national vote can enter the Sejm. [342], The origins of Polish music can be traced to the 13th century; manuscripts have been found in Stary Sącz containing polyphonic compositions related to the Parisian Notre Dame School. Puteți contribui prin adăugarea de referințe în vederea susținerii bibliografice a afirmațiilor pe care le conține. In 2014, the Prime Minister of Poland, Donald Tusk, was chosen to be President of the European Council, and resigned as prime minister. [388] The philosophical sci-fi novel Solaris is an acclaimed example of Stanisław Lem's literary legacy, whereas The Witcher, a fantasy series by Andrzej Sapkowski, is a much-celebrated work of contemporary Polish fiction. [278] Currently, German and Kashubian hold such status in 19 municipalities (gminas), Belarusian in 9 and Lithuanian in 1. In December 2014, Poland began to implement high–speed rail routes connecting major Polish cities,[249] and started passenger service using the New Pendolino train, operating at 200 km/h on the Central Rail Line (CMK). [352], Prior to the 19th century only Daniel Schultz and Italian-born Marcello Bacciarelli had the privilege of being recognized abroad. The Port of Gdańsk is the only port in the Baltic Sea adapted to receive oceanic vessels. | Damian Carrington", "GUS: W Polsce przybywa lasów – Polityka i Społeczeństwo", http://www.springalive.net/bindata/documents/DOC6aabd35f7b1e967c35afd5fa6eb39a68.pdf, "Kornel Morawiecki funeral mass held in Warsaw", "IFES Election Guide | Elections: Poland Senate", "Trybunał Konstytucyjny i Trybunał Stanu", "The Constitution of the Republic of Poland", "Europejski portal e-sprawiedliwość – Systemy sądowe", "Art. In 1573, the Warsaw Confederation marked the formal beginning of extensive religious freedoms in Poland. Summers are generally warm, with average temperatures between 18 and 30 °C (64.4 and 86.0 °F) depending on the region. In Europe, only Finland has a greater density of lakes. [181] Since joining the union in 2004, successive Polish governments have pursued policies to extend the country's role in European and international affairs. [359], The architecture of Gdańsk is mostly of the Hanseatic variety, a Gothic-style common among the former trading cities along the Baltic Sea and in the northern part of Central Europe. Diese sind infolge einer Reduktionsteilung (Meiose) haploid, d. h. ihre Zellen besitzen nur einen einfachen Chromosomensatz. [85], The wartime resistance movement, and the Armia Krajowa (Home Army), fought against German occupation. Os grãos de pólen são normalmente arredondados, embora os dos pinheiros sejam alados, e podem ser muito pequenos, apenas alguns micra.O menor grão de pólen conhecido é o do Myosotis, com cerca de 6 μm (0.006 mm) de diâmetro.A forma e ornamentação dos grãos de pólen é típica de cada família ou mesmo espécie de plantas. [177] Poland does not criminalize homosexuality, and its legality was confirmed in 1932. The Solidarity movement heralded the collapse of communist regimes and parties across Europe. Die Pollenklassen werden gemäss Beug H.J. [120][121], Poland's vast territory covers approximately 312,696 km2 (120,733 sq mi), of which 98.52% is dry land and 1.48% is water. [377] Other writers of the Polish Renaissance include Johannes Dantiscus, Andreus Fricius Modrevius, Matthias Sarbievius, Piotr Skarga and Klemens "Ianicius" Janicki, who was laureled by the Pope. [341], Artists from Poland, including famous musicians such as Chopin, Rubinstein, Paderewski, Penderecki and Wieniawski, and traditional, regionalized folk composers create a lively and diverse music scene, which even recognizes its own music genres, such as sung poetry and disco polo. The highest peak of the park is Rowokol at 115 metres or 377 feet above sea level. The central and northern parts of the country lie within the North European Plain. Starting in 1648, the Cossack Khmelnytsky Uprising engulfed the south and east, eventually leaving Ukraine divided, with the eastern part, lost by the Commonwealth, becoming a dependency of the Tsardom of Russia. The largest sea harbours are Szczecin, Świnoujście, Gdańsk, Gdynia, Police and Kołobrzeg and the main coastal resorts – Świnoujście, Międzydzdroje, Kołobrzeg, Łeba, Sopot, Władysławowo and the Hel Peninsula.
Mit Gedichten Umgehen, Maze Runner Lichter, Der Richter Und Sein Henker Einleitungssatz, Reisekosten Unternehmer Frühstück Buchen Skr03, Instagram Stories Im Feed Sehen, Onleihe Error Code 302, Martin Von Mauschwitz Kinder, Soldaten Figuren 1/32, Usb Bluetooth Adapter Audio, Hanf Mutterpflanze Kaufen, Feuer Machen Ohne Hilfsmittel,